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GNDU Question Paper-2024

B.A 3

Semester

ENGLISH (Compulsory)

Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 100

Note: (1) Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section.

The Fifth question may be attempted from any section.

(2) Some questions may be divided into sub-parts, whichever question is chosen should be

attempted along with its sub-parts, if any. Sub-parts of questions cannot be chosen from

different questions. All the questions carry equal marks.

SECTION-A

1. Do as directed:

(i) Put in the correct word:

I always feel ____________ when the sun is shining. (happy/happily)

(2) Put adjectives in the brackets in correct position:

An enormous umbrella. (red, yellow)

(3) Make one sentence from two. Complete the new sentence using 'too' or 'enough':

I can't drink this coffee. It is too hot.

This coffee is ______________

(4) Put the words in the right order to complete the sentence:

Tom likes to sing.

He has ____________ (voice/quite/good/a)

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(5) Put in correct preposition:

It was nice ______________ you to come and see me.

(6) Complete the sentence with 'on time' or 'in time':

The film was supposed to start at 8:30, but it didn't begin ______________

(7) Write sentence with 'in the end'. Use the verb in the brackets:

We had a lot of problems with our car.

(sell) ____________

(8) Complete the sentence with 'by':

I have to be at the airport not later than 8:30.

I have to be at the airport ___________

(9) Complete the sentence using your ideas:

I was asked a lot of questions during ___________

(10) Put in 'by' or 'until':

I think I will wait ____________ Thursday before making a decision.

2. Do as directed:

(i) Put in the correct word:

You look ____________ ! Are you alright? (terrible/terribly)

(2) Put adjective in the brackets in correct position:

An unusual ring (gold).

(3) Make one sentence from two. Complete the new sentence using 'too' or 'enough':

I can't explain the situation. It is too complicated. The situation is ___________

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(4) Put the words in the right order to complete the sentence:

The bus stop wasn't very near the hotel.

We had to walk __________ (quite/long/a/way)

(5) Put in correct preposition:

Isha doesn't look fine, I am worried __________ her.

(6) Complete the sentence with 'on time' or 'in time':

Why are you never ____________ ? You always keep everyone waiting

(7) Write sentence with 'in the end'. Use the verb in the brackets:

Anna got more and more fed up with her job. (resign). _____________

(8) Complete the sentence with 'by':

Please make sure that you are here not later than 2 o'clock. Please make sure that ______

(9) Complete the sentence using your ideas:

Nobody came to see me while ____________

(10) Put in 'by' or 'until':

I need to pay the phone bill. It has to be paid ____________ tomorrow.

SECTION-B

3. Write an essay on any One topic:

Pollution due to Excessive use of Plastic.

Health is Wealth.

4. Do as directed:

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(1) Fill in correct preposition in the following sentence:

I've applied ___________ a job at the factory.

(2) Fill in correct preposition in the following sentence:

I don't want to discuss __________ what happened last night.

(3) Fill in correct preposition in the following sentence:

Who's going to take care _____________ you when you are old?

(4) Fill in correct preposition in the following sentence:

I am leaving my house _____________ 11 a.m. tomorrow morning.

(5) Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as first:

There was a lot of furniture in the room.

The room was full _____________

(6) Complete the following sentence using a verb in the correct form:

I liked an article in the newspaper, so I _____________ it out.

(7) Complete the sentence using-'in' or 'into' or 'out' or 'out of:

Why did Sarah drop __________ college? Did she fail in exams?

(8) Complete the sentence using a verb + 'on' or 'off':

It was warm, so I ____________ my jacket.

(9) Complete the sentence using a verb (in correct form) + 'down':

The train __________ as it approached the station.

(10) Complete the following sentence using a verb in the correct form:

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Don't __________ that box away. It could be useful.

SECTION-C

5. From your reading of the poem "That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold", describe

the boughs as they are seen in the autumn and tell how does autumn correspond to the

speaker's life? Also explain what do the images of "twilight" and "sunset" suggest.

6. From your reading of the poem "To the Skylark," describe the different objects with

which the skylark is compared to. Why does the poet think that the bird does not know

the pain? How does Shelley treat the bird as a model for the poet?

SECTION-D

7. (a) On the basis of your reading of "Global Health", explain what do you know about

the disease malaria. Is the disease common today? Where do you think cases of malaria

are most likely to be found? How do you think malaria spreads from one person to

another? Do you think it can be prevented, treated or cured?

(b) Complete the sentences from the list of words given below. These words replace the

words or phrases in parentheses, which are similar in meaning:

depressed, fatigue, enhance, straightforward, thrive, enhance, primarily, preliminary,

reluctant, remote, rural.

(1) There is a (simple) ____________ solution to the problem.

(2) Children (do well) _________ in their classrooms that are filled with activities.

(3) People from (country) ___________ villages are sometimes fatigued of cities.

(4) A good education will (improve) ________ your chances of getting a good job.

(5) Tourists are often (hesitant) ___________ to visit places where there is a lot of disease.

(1) A fatty substance found in body __________

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(2) To carry out and organize an activity ____________

(3) To work with someone with a special purpose ___________

(4) A long-term plan to achieve a goal __________

(5) A change in focus or direction __________

8. (a) On the basis of your reading of "Multicultural Societies", describe how has

globalization affected you and cultures in different countries. What role has technology

played in globalization ?

(b) Give one word for the following definitions:

(1) To slow something down __________

(2) The process of forcing someone to leave a place _____________

(3) Not having any connection with religion ____________

(4) Extremely limiting or difficult ___________

(5) Official orders ___________

first sentence of each item:

decrease, discovery, fact, opinion, possibility, prediction, requirement, response.

(1) Some experts believe there will be 9 billion people in the world by 2050. This ______

(2) Some people think that the Western culture has had too much influence around the

world. This ___________

(3) About 1.5 million people of Japanese descent now live in Brazil. This ________

(4) In the nineteenth century, established immigrant groups often had a hostile reaction to

the new immigrant groups. This ________

(5) In 1968, a resident of Brooklyn, New York, found the remains of a nineteenth century

African American settlement. This _________

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GNDU Answer Paper-2024

B.A 3

Semester

ENGLISH (Compulsory)

Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 100

Note: (1) Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section.

The Fifth question may be attempted from any section.

(2) Some questions may be divided into sub-parts, whichever question is chosen should be

attempted along with its sub-parts, if any. Sub-parts of questions cannot be chosen from

different questions. All the questions carry equal marks.

SECTION-A

1. Do as directed:

(i) Put in the correct word:

I always feel ____________ when the sun is shining. (happy/happily)

Ans: I always feel happy when the sun is shining.

(2) Put adjectives in the brackets in correct position:

An enormous umbrella. (red, yellow)

Ans: An enormous red and yellow umbrella

(3) Make one sentence from two. Complete the new sentence using 'too' or 'enough':

I can't drink this coffee. It is too hot.

This coffee is ______________

Ans: This coffee is too hot to drink.

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(4) Put the words in the right order to complete the sentence:

Tom likes to sing.

He has ____________ (voice/quite/good/a)

Ans: He has quite a good voice.

(5) Put in correct preposition:

It was nice ______________ you to come and see me.

Ans: It was nice of you to come and see me.

(6) Complete the sentence with 'on time' or 'in time':

The film was supposed to start at 8:30, but it didn't begin ______________

Ans: The film was supposed to start at 8:30, but it didn’t begin on time.

(7) Write sentence with 'in the end'. Use the verb in the brackets:

We had a lot of problems with our car.

(sell) ____________

Ans: We had a lot of problems with our car. In the end, we sold it.

(8) Complete the sentence with 'by':

I have to be at the airport not later than 8:30.

I have to be at the airport ___________

Ans: I have to be at the airport by 8:30.

(9) Complete the sentence using your ideas:

I was asked a lot of questions during ___________

Ans: I was asked a lot of questions during the interview.

(10) Put in 'by' or 'until':

I think I will wait ____________ Thursday before making a decision.

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Ans: I think I will wait until Thursday before making a decision.

2. Do as directed:

(i) Put in the correct word:

You look ____________ ! Are you alright? (terrible/terribly)

Ans: We use an adjective to describe how a person looks/feels.

(2) Put adjective in the brackets in correct position:

An unusual ring (gold).

Ans: An unusual gold ring

(3) Make one sentence from two. Complete the new sentence using 'too' or 'enough':

I can't explain the situation. It is too complicated. The situation is ___________

Ans: The situation is too complicated to explain.

(4) Put the words in the right order to complete the sentence:

The bus stop wasn't very near the hotel.

We had to walk __________ (quite/long/a/way)

Ans: We had to walk quite a long way.

(5) Put in correct preposition:

Isha doesn't look fine, I am worried __________ her.

Ans: Isha doesn't look fine, I am worried about her.

(6) Complete the sentence with 'on time' or 'in time':

Why are you never ____________ ? You always keep everyone waiting

Ans: Why are you never on time?

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(7) Write sentence with 'in the end'. Use the verb in the brackets:

Anna got more and more fed up with her job. (resign). _____________

Ans: Anna got more and more fed up with her job. In the end, she resigned.

(8) Complete the sentence with 'by':

Please make sure that you are here not later than 2 o'clock. Please make sure that ______

Ans: Please make sure that you are here by 2 o’clock.

(9) Complete the sentence using your ideas:

Nobody came to see me while ____________

Ans: Nobody came to see me while I was ill.

(10) Put in 'by' or 'until':

I need to pay the phone bill. It has to be paid ____________ tomorrow.

Ans: It has to be paid by tomorrow.

SECTION-B

3. Write an essay on any One topic:

Pollution due to Excessive use of Plastic.

Health is Wealth.

Ans: Pollution Due to Excessive Use of Plastic

Imagine for a moment that you are standing on a beautiful beach. The waves are rolling in,

the sky is painted in shades of orange and pink, and the breeze carries the salty freshness of

the sea. Now, instead of seashells scattered across the shore, you notice plastic bottles,

food wrappers, straws, and polythene bags lying everywhere. The sea itself seems to be

choking as waves push back heaps of plastic waste. Suddenly, the beauty of the scene

disappears, and you realize that this is not just a beach—it’s the condition of our planet

today.

This story is not imaginary. It is a reality in many parts of the world, and India too is

struggling with it. Plastic, which was once considered a "wonder material," has today

become one of the biggest threats to our environment. While it has made life convenient in

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countless ways, its excessive and careless use has given rise to a new kind of pollution—

plastic pollution. Let’s unfold this story step by step to understand how something that was

supposed to help us has now started harming us.

1. The Invention and Spread of Plastic: A Blessing Turned Curse

Plastic was invented in the early 20th century and was celebrated as a revolutionary

material. It was cheap, lightweight, waterproof, and could be shaped into almost anything.

From bags, bottles, and toys to medical equipment, electronics, and vehicles, plastic found

its way into nearly every corner of our lives.

At first, it seemed like a blessing. Housewives loved plastic containers for storage, industries

loved it for packaging, and doctors used it in hospitals to maintain hygiene. Slowly, life

without plastic became unimaginable. But no one paid attention to one important question:

“What happens to plastic after we throw it away?”

Unlike natural materials like wood or paper, plastic does not decompose easily. It can

remain in soil and water for hundreds of years. The more we used it, the more waste started

piling up. And now, decades later, the world is suffocating under the weight of this very

invention.

2. How Excessive Plastic Use Leads to Pollution

Plastic pollution is not limited to one place; it spreads everywhere—air, land, and water.

Let’s look at how:

(a) Land Pollution

Most of the plastic waste we generate ends up in garbage dumps, open fields, or on

roadsides. Polythene bags, food wrappers, and bottles are often seen flying with the wind

and getting stuck in drains. This leads to waterlogging during rains and also destroys the

beauty of our surroundings. Stray animals, especially cows and dogs, often swallow plastic

while looking for food in garbage piles. This plastic chokes their intestines and sometimes

leads to their death.

(b) Water Pollution

Millions of tons of plastic waste are dumped into rivers, lakes, and oceans every year.

Bottles, straws, and fishing nets float on the surface, while microplastics (tiny broken-down

pieces) mix with water. Fish, turtles, and seabirds mistake them for food and die after

swallowing them. According to studies, by 2050, there may be more plastic in the ocean

than fish if this trend continues.

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Plastic also contributes to air pollution. When it is burnt in open areas (which is a common

practice in villages and towns), it releases toxic gases like dioxins and furans. These gases

are harmful to human lungs and can even cause cancer. The smoke not only pollutes the air

but also weakens the ozone layer, which protects us from harmful rays of the sun.

3. Why Do We Use So Much Plastic?

If plastic is so harmful, why do we still use it? The answer is simple—it is cheap, strong, and

convenient. Cloth bags are good but cost more than free polythene bags. Glass bottles are

reusable but heavier and fragile compared to plastic bottles. People and industries prefer

plastic because it saves money and effort.

Moreover, our throwaway culture makes the problem worse. We use plastic items like

straws, cups, plates, or spoons for just a few minutes, but they remain on Earth for

centuries. This imbalance between short-term use and long-term waste is the real reason

for plastic pollution.

4. Impact of Plastic Pollution on Life

The effects of excessive plastic use are dangerous and far-reaching:

1. On Environment: Soil loses its fertility when plastic blocks the natural exchange of

air and water. Plants cannot grow properly in plastic-contaminated soil.

2. On Animals: Birds and animals die after eating plastic waste. Marine life is

particularly at risk as oceans are becoming dumping grounds.

3. On Humans: Microplastics have entered our food chain. Studies show that we

consume tiny amounts of plastic daily through water, seafood, and even salt. These

microplastics can harm our kidneys, liver, and nervous system.

4. On Climate: The burning and production of plastic release greenhouse gases, which

worsen global warming and climate change.

5. Can We Imagine a Plastic-Free World?

Completely eliminating plastic may not be possible because it is deeply connected to

industries like medicine, transportation, and technology. However, we can definitely reduce

its excessive and unnecessary use. Many countries, including India, are taking steps to ban

single-use plastics like polythene bags, plastic straws, and disposable cutlery. But laws alone

are not enough—people’s habits must also change.

6. Solutions to Plastic Pollution

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The story of plastic pollution does not have to end in tragedy. If we act wisely, we can

change the ending. Here are some solutions:

1. Reduce: Avoid single-use plastics. Carry cloth or jute bags while shopping, use steel

bottles instead of disposable plastic ones, and refuse plastic straws.

2. Reuse: Instead of throwing away plastic containers, reuse them at home for storage

or gardening.

3. Recycle: Encourage recycling industries. Segregate waste at home into

biodegradable and non-biodegradable items so that plastic can be properly

processed.

4. Alternatives: Promote eco-friendly alternatives like bamboo cutlery, paper bags, and

biodegradable packaging.

5. Awareness Campaigns: Schools, colleges, and communities should spread

awareness about the dangers of plastic pollution. Small steps taken by individuals

can create a big change.

6. Government Policies: Strict implementation of bans on single-use plastic, along with

incentives for industries that adopt eco-friendly materials, is essential.

7. Role of Individuals in Fighting Plastic Pollution

We often think, “What difference can one person make?” But imagine if every person in

your city stopped using plastic bags—millions of bags would be saved every day. Small acts

like carrying a reusable bottle, saying no to plastic straws, or cleaning your local park can

inspire others to do the same. Each responsible citizen becomes a hero in this story of

saving Earth.

8. A Vision for the Future

If we act today, the future can look very different. Imagine walking on a beach again, but

this time, instead of bottles and wrappers, you see seashells and starfish. Rivers flow freely

without clogged drains, animals graze without fear of swallowing plastic, and the air feels

fresher without the smoke of burning polythene. This vision is possible, but only if we

choose wisely now.

Conclusion

The story of plastic is a classic example of how human inventions can be both a boon and a

curse. What started as a miracle material has today become one of the greatest threats to

our planet. Excessive and careless use of plastic has polluted our land, water, and air,

putting the lives of humans, animals, and even future generations at risk.

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But every story can have a happy ending if the characters decide to change. We, as the main

characters of this Earth story, have the power to reduce plastic pollution. By making small

but consistent changes in our daily lives, supporting eco-friendly alternatives, and spreading

awareness, we can ensure that Earth remains a safe and beautiful home for all.

Health is Wealth.

Ans: Essay on Health is Wealth

Imagine this: two friends, Rohan and Karan, start their journey of life together. Rohan is full

of dreams and energy, while Karan is equally ambitious but careless about his health. Rohan

wakes up early, eats balanced meals, plays football, and spends time laughing with his

family. Karan, on the other hand, skips meals, eats fast food late at night, hardly exercises,

and always says, “I’ll take care of my health later.” Ten years down the line, Rohan is

glowing with energy, working productively, and enjoying his life. Karan, however, is

struggling with frequent illnesses, feels tired even after small tasks, and spends a big part of

his income on medicines and doctors.

This little story is not unusual—it reflects a truth that we often forget: without health,

wealth has no meaning. That is why people have wisely said, “Health is Wealth.”

In this essay, let us walk through this idea in a simple, story-like manner, and understand

why good health is the most precious treasure we can ever have.

The Real Meaning of “Health is Wealth”

When we hear the word wealth, most of us imagine money, gold, property, cars, and

luxuries. But ask yourself—what will all this mean if your body is weak, your mind is

disturbed, or you cannot even enjoy a meal without medicine? True wealth is not just

counted in currency; it is counted in the strength of your body, the peace of your mind, and

the happiness of your soul.

Good health allows us to work, earn, learn, and dream. It is the foundation on which

everything else—education, career, relationships, success—can stand. A person with poor

health may possess millions in the bank but will never be able to enjoy the taste of life. On

the other hand, a healthy but average-income person often feels richer because he can live

life fully.

Health as the Silent Treasure

Let us think of health as a silent treasure hidden inside us. We don’t realize its value until we

start losing it. Have you noticed how we suddenly remember to drink hot water, eat fruits,

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or rest properly only after we fall sick? That is the irony of human nature—we take health

for granted, while running after money, fame, or material possessions. But once health is

gone, everything else loses its shine.

Even in our ancient Indian scriptures, health was given supreme importance. Ayurveda,

Yoga, and meditation were developed not just as medical systems but as lifestyles to keep

the body and mind balanced. Our ancestors knew that a sound body is the true temple

where a sound mind can reside.

Why Health is More Valuable Than Wealth

1. Wealth can be earned again, but health once lost is difficult to regain.

You can lose money in business and earn it back. But can you easily restore a

damaged liver, a weak heart, or a disturbed mind? Prevention is always better than

cure.

2. Wealth benefits others only if you are healthy enough to use it.

What is the use of a luxurious car if you are bedridden and cannot drive it? What is

the use of a banquet full of dishes if you are told to live only on bland porridge?

3. Health gives freedom.

When you are healthy, you can travel, play, work hard, and enjoy life. Poor health

makes you dependent on others, even for simple tasks.

4. Wealth is external; health is internal.

You may wear expensive clothes, but if your face looks pale and tired, people will still

feel sorry for you. On the other hand, even with simple clothes, a healthy body

radiates confidence and charm.

Physical Health: The Body as an Instrument

Our body is like an instrument, and health is the music that flows from it. If the strings are

broken, no matter how expensive the instrument is, it cannot create harmony.

To maintain physical health:

• Eat balanced meals with fruits, vegetables, pulses, and grains.

• Exercise daily—walking, running, cycling, or yoga.

• Sleep on time and rest adequately.

• Drink enough water and avoid harmful addictions like smoking or drinking.

These simple habits act like investments, giving huge returns in the form of energy and long

life.

Mental Health: The Mind as the Master

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Physical health is incomplete without mental health. Stress, anxiety, and depression are

modern-day diseases that even money cannot cure. A person with millions in his bank may

still be unhappy if his mind is restless.

To maintain mental health:

• Practice meditation or mindfulness.

• Keep a positive attitude.

• Spend time with loved ones and in nature.

• Limit screen time and stay away from unnecessary negativity.

Mental health gives us clarity of thought, emotional stability, and the ability to make wise

decisions.

Social Health: Happiness in Relationships

Health is not just about body and mind but also about relationships. A person in good health

naturally shares happiness, supports others, and builds strong bonds. Ill health often makes

people irritable and lonely.

When we are healthy, we are able to laugh with friends, celebrate festivals, and enjoy the

warmth of family. These moments are priceless and cannot be bought with money.

Health and Productivity

A healthy student studies better, a healthy worker performs better, and a healthy leader

guides better. Energy, focus, and enthusiasm all come from health. Countries with healthier

citizens progress faster because they save money on healthcare and use it for development.

That is why governments invest in healthcare systems, awareness programs, and

vaccination campaigns.

The Modern Irony

Today, in the race for success, many people sacrifice their health to earn wealth. They eat

fast food because they have no time to cook, sit for long hours in offices without exercise,

and sleep late while working on laptops. At first, nothing seems wrong, but slowly lifestyle

diseases like diabetes, obesity, and heart problems start appearing. Then begins the

opposite race—spending all the earned wealth on hospitals, medicines, and treatments.

Isn’t it ironic? We lose health to earn wealth, and then we lose wealth to regain health.

Would it not be wiser to balance both from the beginning?

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A Balanced Life: The True Secret

The real secret is not to reject wealth but to balance it with health. We need money to

survive and fulfill dreams, but money should not come at the cost of our body and mind. If

we manage time for exercise, eat wisely, sleep properly, and keep stress away, we can enjoy

both health and wealth together.

Remember, wealth may give comfort, but health gives joy. Comfort without joy is

meaningless.

Inspirational Examples

History and daily life give us examples. Mahatma Gandhi lived a simple life but remained

active and strong till old age, inspiring millions. On the other hand, many rich businessmen

and celebrities have suffered early deaths due to unhealthy lifestyles. These examples

remind us that health is the real kingmaker.

Conclusion: The True Treasure

At the end of the day, when we lie down to sleep, what matters is not how much money is

locked in the cupboard but how peaceful our sleep is, how comfortable our body feels, and

how calm our mind rests.

So, the proverb “Health is Wealth” is not just a saying—it is a lifelong truth. A healthy body

and a healthy mind are greater than gold, diamonds, or dollars. They are the roots from

which happiness, success, and prosperity grow.

4. Do as directed:

(1) Fill in correct preposition in the following sentence:

I've applied ___________ a job at the factory.

Ans: I've applied for a job at the factory. 󷄧󼿒

(2) Fill in correct preposition in the following sentence:

I don't want to discuss __________ what happened last night.

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Ans: I don't want to discuss — what happened last night.

(3) Fill in correct preposition in the following sentence:

Who's going to take care _____________ you when you are old?

Ans: Who's going to take care of you when you are old? 󷄧󼿒

(4) Fill in correct preposition in the following sentence:

I am leaving my house _____________ 11 a.m. tomorrow morning.

Ans: I am leaving my house at 11 a.m. tomorrow morning. 󷄧󼿒

(5) Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as first:

There was a lot of furniture in the room.

The room was full _____________

Ans: The room was full of furniture. 󷄧󼿒

(6) Complete the following sentence using a verb in the correct form:

I liked an article in the newspaper, so I _____________ it out.

Ans: I liked an article in the newspaper, so I cut it out. 󷄧󼿒

(7) Complete the sentence using-'in' or 'into' or 'out' or 'out of:

Why did Sarah drop __________ college? Did she fail in exams?

Ans: Why did Sarah drop out of college? Did she fail in exams? 󷄧󼿒

(8) Complete the sentence using a verb + 'on' or 'off':

It was warm, so I ____________ my jacket.

Ans: It was warm, so I took off my jacket. 󷄧󼿒

(9) Complete the sentence using a verb (in correct form) + 'down':

The train __________ as it approached the station.

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Ans: The train slowed down as it approached the station. 󷄧󼿒

(10) Complete the following sentence using a verb in the correct form:

Don't __________ that box away. It could be useful.

Ans: Don't throw that box away. It could be useful. 󷄧󼿒

SECTION-C

5. From your reading of the poem "That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold", describe

the boughs as they are seen in the autumn and tell how does autumn correspond to the

speaker's life? Also explain what do the images of "twilight" and "sunset" suggest.

Ans: A Gentle Beginning

Imagine you are standing in a quiet garden. The trees around you are not covered with the

fresh green of spring, nor are they in the full bloom of summer. Instead, their branches look

bare, a few yellow leaves cling here and there, and most of the boughs are empty. You can

even see birds’ nests left behind after the little creatures have flown away. This is the

season of autumn, when life is no longer full of energy and brightness but is slowly

preparing for the end of the year.

This exact picture is what Shakespeare paints in his sonnet “That Time of Year Thou Mayst in

Me Behold.” Through the image of autumn, twilight, and sunset, he compares the natural

world to the stages of human life—especially his own. Let’s explore how he does this in a

way that makes us feel both the sadness and the beauty of growing older.

The Boughs in Autumn

In the poem, the speaker asks us to “behold” him, just as one would look at trees in autumn.

The boughs, or branches, are almost bare. They have lost most of their leaves, just like an

aging person has lost much of his youthful strength and energy. The few remaining leaves

are yellow, the colour of fading life.

On those branches are “bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang.” This is one of

the most touching images in the sonnet. The empty branches look like the broken, deserted

places where once there was music and joy. It is as if the boughs represent the speaker’s

body—once full of liveliness and song, but now silent, weak, and waiting for the end.

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So autumn here is not just a season of nature. It becomes a mirror for the speaker’s own

life. Just as autumn comes after the bright warmth of summer, old age follows youth. The

boughs tell us that the speaker is in the autumn of his life, nearing its winter—death.

Autumn and the Speaker’s Life

Now, how exactly does autumn correspond to the speaker’s life?

Think of human life as having seasons:

• Spring is childhood—fresh, innocent, and full of growth.

• Summer is youth—warm, bright, filled with strength and love.

• Autumn is old age—things begin to fade, strength decreases, and life moves towards

its end.

• Winter is death—the final silence.

The speaker clearly sees himself in the autumn stage. He is no longer young; his energy,

passion, and perhaps even his health have started to decline. Just as autumn trees shed

their leaves, he feels he has lost the vibrancy of youth. But Shakespeare doesn’t present this

with bitterness. Instead, he uses autumn to show both the sadness and the beauty of this

stage—because autumn is also a time of quiet reflection, maturity, and wisdom.

The Image of “Twilight”

After autumn, the speaker uses another image—twilight. Twilight is that short time of the

day when the sun is almost set, and night is about to begin. It is neither day nor night but a

beautiful, fading moment between the two.

For the speaker, twilight represents the last years of his life. The full light of day (youth and

adulthood) is gone, and the dark night (death) is approaching. Just as twilight slowly

disappears into night, the speaker feels his own life slipping away into death.

Twilight, then, is an image of life’s fragility. It reminds us that life is temporary and fleeting,

and we must cherish it while it lasts.

The Image of “Sunset”

Linked with twilight is the image of sunset. Sunset is not only beautiful but also symbolic. It

marks the end of the day, just as death marks the end of life. The warmth and brightness of

the sun gradually vanish, leaving behind darkness.

The speaker says that after sunset, “black night” takes away the light. In human terms, this

means that once life ends, death (like night) takes over. Sunset is therefore a gentle but

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certain reminder that life will end. But Shakespeare doesn’t describe it in a fearful way.

Instead, he shows sunset as natural, inevitable, and even poetic.

Why These Images Matter

Together, these images—autumn boughs, twilight, and sunset—create a picture of the

speaker’s stage in life. They show us the natural process of aging and death, but not in a

hopeless tone. Instead, they make us realize that just as nature follows a cycle, human life

too follows its own rhythm.

There is another hidden beauty here: when the beloved sees the speaker as autumn,

twilight, or sunset, her love becomes even more meaningful. She loves him not because he

is young and strong, but because she knows his time is limited. Love becomes deeper when

we realize that life is short.

A Story-Like Conclusion

So, if we think back to that quiet garden with bare autumn trees, a fading sunset in the sky,

and the soft arrival of twilight, we can see Shakespeare himself in those images. He is like

the tree that has lost its leaves, like the sun that is about to set, like the twilight that is

about to fade into night.

But rather than filling us with despair, these images fill us with tenderness. They remind us

to value love and life more, especially when time is running short. That is why Shakespeare’s

sonnet still touches us today—it turns the sadness of aging into a gentle story of beauty,

acceptance, and love.

6. From your reading of the poem "To the Skylark," describe the different objects with

which the skylark is compared to. Why does the poet think that the bird does not know

the pain? How does Shelley treat the bird as a model for the poet?

Ans: A Fresh Beginning:

Imagine a warm evening. The sun is going down, the sky is glowing, and suddenly a little bird

rises high into the air. It sings, not for applause, not for fame, but simply out of pure joy.

That bird is a skylark. When Shelley sees it, he doesn’t just see a bird; he sees a living symbol

of happiness, beauty, and inspiration. The whole poem “To the Skylark” is his way of

admiring this bird, comparing it with many objects, and then realizing how different the

bird’s life is from that of human beings.

Now, let us see the three main parts of the question one by one.

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1. Objects with which the Skylark is Compared

Shelley’s imagination is very powerful. He does not simply say, “the skylark sings

beautifully.” Instead, he paints pictures with words and compares the skylark to many

different things, each one bringing out some special quality of the bird.

• Like a spirit of joy:

Shelley first calls the skylark a “blithe spirit.” It is not just a bird of flesh and bone,

but a spirit of happiness. It seems to be filled with endless cheer, free from all

worries of the world.

• Like a star:

He compares the skylark to a star shining brightly in the sky, hidden by daylight but

still sending its light across. Just as a star seems far away and mysterious, the skylark

also seems beyond human reach, filling the air with music.

• Like a cloud of fire:

He imagines the bird’s song spreading like a glowing cloud lit by the setting sun. This

comparison shows how the skylark’s voice spreads everywhere, covering the sky

with beauty.

• Like a poet or prophet:

Shelley also compares the bird to a poet, prophet, and even a maiden in love. Why?

Because like them, the skylark pours out intense emotions. Its song is spontaneous,

truthful, and filled with passion, just as a poet writes verses or a lover expresses

feelings.

• Like a glow-worm or rose:

At another point, the skylark is compared to a glow-worm hidden in the grass or a

rose surrounded by leaves. These comparisons highlight how beauty sometimes

hides itself yet spreads light or fragrance everywhere—just like the skylark’s invisible

presence in the sky but powerful impact on the earth.

In all these images, Shelley is not just praising a bird’s song; he is showing us that the skylark

is more than nature—it is a symbol of pure art, pure happiness, and pure inspiration.

2. Why Shelley Thinks the Bird Does Not Know Pain

Here comes the heart of the poem. Humans, no matter how happy, always carry some

shadow of sadness. Even in laughter, there is worry about tomorrow, memories of loss, or

fear of suffering. But Shelley imagines that the skylark’s life is different.

• The skylark sings as if it has never known pain, fear, or disappointment.

• Its voice is always fresh, joyous, and without any trace of sorrow.

• Unlike humans, who sing songs often born out of pain, heartbreak, or struggle, the

skylark’s song is pure joy.

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Shelley envies this quality. He feels that if humans could sing like the skylark—free from

grief—their art would be perfect and their lives would be filled with peace. But since

humans cannot escape pain, their creations, though beautiful, are always mixed with

sadness.

3. How Shelley Treats the Skylark as a Model for the Poet

Now comes the most interesting part. Shelley was not just admiring a bird; he was actually

learning from it. The skylark becomes his teacher, his model of inspiration.

• Teacher of Joy:

Shelley asks the skylark to teach him the secret of its happiness. He wants to learn

how to fill his poetry with the same pure joy, so that his verses might bring comfort

to the world.

• A Model of Expression:

Just as the skylark sings freely, without fear or restriction, Shelley wishes to write

poetry that is natural, unrestrained, and filled with music.

• A Symbol of Artistic Perfection:

For Shelley, a true poet should inspire humanity in the same way that the skylark

inspires him. The bird becomes a model of how poetry should rise above ordinary

worries and touch something divine.

• A Source of Hope:

Shelley imagines that if he could learn the skylark’s art, his words would change the

hearts of people and spread joy across the world. Thus, the skylark is not only a bird

but a shining example of the poet’s highest dream.

Wrapping It Up Like a Story

So, if we put it all together, here is the simple story hidden in “To the Skylark”:

Shelley sees a little bird flying and singing. He is so moved that he compares it to stars, fire,

flowers, poets, and prophets. He realizes that unlike humans, the skylark seems free from

pain, and that is why its song is so perfect. Finally, he wishes that he, too, could learn this art

and become a poet whose verses spread joy and hope like the skylark’s song spreads beauty

in the sky.

Final Thought

Shelley’s skylark is not just a bird—it is a symbol of what human beings long for: a life

without sorrow, an art without flaws, and a joy that is eternal. By treating the skylark as a

model, Shelley reminds us that poetry, like birdsong, should rise above pain and touch

something heavenly.

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SECTION-D

7. (a) On the basis of your reading of "Global Health", explain what do you know about

the disease malaria. Is the disease common today? Where do you think cases of malaria

are most likely to be found? How do you think malaria spreads from one person to

another? Do you think it can be prevented, treated or cured?

Ans: Malaria: A Story of a Tiny Parasite and a Big Battle

Imagine a peaceful village where people go about their daily lives—children running in the

fields, farmers working in the paddy lands, and families sitting together after a long day. Life

looks normal, but hidden in the buzzing sound of a small mosquito lies a danger that has

troubled humankind for centuries. This danger is called malaria.

Malaria is not just an ordinary fever. It is a disease caused by a tiny parasite called

Plasmodium. This parasite is so small that we cannot see it with our naked eyes, but its

effect on humans is powerful enough to make them weak, bedridden, and sometimes even

cause death. The interesting part is that malaria does not spread directly from one sick

person to another like the common cold. Instead, it has a middle agent—a mosquito.

How Does Malaria Spread?

The story begins when a female Anopheles mosquito bites a person who already has

malaria. While sucking blood, the mosquito picks up the Plasmodium parasites. Later, when

this same mosquito bites another healthy person, it injects those parasites into the new

victim’s bloodstream. From here, the parasites travel to the liver, multiply, and then attack

the red blood cells, causing repeated cycles of fever and chills.

That is why malaria is often described as a “mosquito-borne disease.” It does not pass

through touch, sharing food, or breathing near a patient. The only villain in the chain is the

mosquito, acting as the carrier of the parasite.

What Happens to a Person with Malaria?

The symptoms of malaria are like a pattern that repeats: first the patient feels sudden chills,

then high fever, followed by sweating. Along with this, there may be headache, nausea,

vomiting, or body pain. This cycle can return again and again, making the person extremely

weak.

In serious cases, especially if not treated on time, malaria can damage organs like the brain

and kidneys. Children and pregnant women are often the most vulnerable.

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Is Malaria Still Common Today?

Now, you might wonder: “Is malaria still around in today’s world of advanced medicines and

hospitals?” The answer is yes, but with some hope. Malaria is not as widespread as it was a

few decades ago because of global health campaigns, awareness, and better treatment.

However, it still affects millions of people every year, especially in tropical and subtropical

regions.

Countries in Africa, South Asia, and parts of South America continue to face the biggest

challenges. For example, sub-Saharan Africa carries the heaviest burden, where thousands

of children die each year from this disease. India too, though much better now than before,

still reports cases in rural and forested areas where mosquito breeding is common.

So, while malaria may not be as common in modern cities or developed nations, it remains a

serious concern in many developing countries.

Can Malaria Be Prevented?

Yes, malaria can definitely be prevented, and the key lies in controlling mosquitoes. If there

are fewer mosquitoes, the disease cannot spread. Preventive steps include:

• Using mosquito nets while sleeping, especially treated with insecticide.

• Spraying insecticides in breeding areas.

• Removing stagnant water near homes, because mosquitoes lay their eggs in such

water.

• Wearing protective clothing and using repellents in mosquito-prone areas.

Prevention also includes giving medicines as a precaution to travelers who visit malaria-

affected countries.

Can Malaria Be Treated or Cured?

Fortunately, malaria is treatable and curable if detected on time. Doctors use medicines

such as chloroquine, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), and quinine to kill

the parasite. The treatment depends on the type of Plasmodium species and the severity of

the disease.

The challenge, however, is that in some regions, the parasites have developed resistance to

older drugs, which makes treatment a bit more complex. This is why scientists and health

organizations continue to search for better medicines and even vaccines.

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A Ray of Hope

The global fight against malaria has brought positive results. Campaigns by the World

Health Organization (WHO) and other health agencies have saved millions of lives. In fact,

researchers have recently developed vaccines that show promise in protecting children

against malaria. This gives hope that one day, malaria may no longer be a deadly threat.

Conclusion

So, if we look at malaria like a story, it is the tale of a tiny parasite carried by a mosquito that

enters human blood and causes cycles of fever, weakness, and sometimes death. It is not as

common today as in the past, but it still exists in tropical countries, especially in Africa and

Asia. It spreads not by human touch, but by the bite of an infected mosquito. The good

news is that malaria can be prevented through mosquito control and cured through timely

medicines.

This story teaches us a simple but powerful lesson: sometimes the smallest creatures, like a

mosquito, can bring the biggest dangers, but with knowledge, care, and science, humanity

can fight back and win.

(b) Complete the sentences from the list of words given below. These words replace the

words or phrases in parentheses, which are similar in meaning:

depressed, fatigue, enhance, straightforward, thrive, enhance, primarily, preliminary,

reluctant, remote, rural.

(1) There is a (simple) ____________ solution to the problem.

(2) Children (do well) _________ in their classrooms that are filled with activities.

(3) People from (country) ___________ villages are sometimes fatigued of cities.

(4) A good education will (improve) ________ your chances of getting a good job.

(5) Tourists are often (hesitant) ___________ to visit places where there is a lot of disease.

Ans: There is a (simple) straightforward solution to the problem.

Children (do well) thrive in their classrooms that are filled with activities.

People from (country) rural villages are sometimes fatigued of cities.

A good education will (improve) enhance your chances of getting a good job.

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Tourists are often (hesitant) reluctant to visit places where there is a lot of disease.

(1) A fatty substance found in body __________

(2) To carry out and organize an activity ____________

(3) To work with someone with a special purpose ___________

(4) A long-term plan to achieve a goal __________

(5) A change in focus or direction __________

Ans: A fatty substance found in body → Cholesterol

To carry out and organize an activity → Conduct

To work with someone with a special purpose → Collaborate

A long-term plan to achieve a goal → Strategy

A change in focus or direction → Shift

8. (a) On the basis of your reading of "Multicultural Societies", describe how has

globalization affected you and cultures in different countries. What role has technology

played in globalization ?

Ans: Globalization, Cultures, and Technology – A Human Story

Imagine you are sitting in your room one evening, scrolling through your phone. You listen

to a Korean pop song, then order an American-style burger from an app, and later watch a

Spanish drama on Netflix with English subtitles. Before going to sleep, you text your cousin

who lives in Canada. Without even realizing it, you’ve traveled across half the world—

without leaving your chair. This invisible thread connecting people, cultures, and countries is

what we call globalization.

Now, let’s see how globalization has affected us and the cultures of different countries, and

what magic wand technology has played in making it all possible.

1. How Globalization Affects Us Personally

Globalization is not something far away in books—it is right in front of us in our daily life.

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• Food habits: Once, our grandparents mostly ate local food—dal, roti, rice, seasonal

vegetables. Today, you and I eat pizza, noodles, pasta, or even sushi. These foods

belong to other cultures but have become part of our lifestyle.

• Fashion: Globalization shows up in what we wear. Jeans, T-shirts, sneakers, or

branded clothes like Nike and Adidas have become universal fashion statements.

• Education and careers: Many of us dream of studying abroad, working in

international companies, or even freelancing for clients overseas. This is possible

because globalization has opened borders for education and jobs.

• Thinking and attitudes: The younger generation often thinks differently compared to

the past. We talk about equality, women’s rights, environment, and LGBTQ+ rights—

issues that became part of our lives through global movements and awareness.

So, globalization has not just changed what we consume, but also how we think, act, and

even how we plan our futures.

2. Impact on Cultures Across Countries

Globalization is like a bridge that allows cultures to meet, mix, and sometimes even clash.

• Cultural exchange: Music, films, art, and literature now cross borders freely.

Hollywood movies are enjoyed in India, Bollywood is loved in the Middle East, and K-

pop has a fan base across the globe. This exchange creates a sense of shared human

experience.

• Cultural blending: Festivals like Halloween, Valentine’s Day, and Christmas are

celebrated in India, while Yoga and Ayurveda have spread worldwide. Cultures

borrow and share, creating a new kind of global culture.

• Challenges to tradition: At the same time, globalization sometimes puts traditional

practices at risk. Younger people may prefer fast food over traditional meals, or

Western clothing over traditional attire. This makes some worry that local identity

might get lost.

• Respect and tolerance: When cultures interact, people also learn to respect

differences. For example, working in a multinational company teaches employees to

collaborate with colleagues from many cultural backgrounds.

Thus, globalization is like a two-sided coin: it enriches cultures by sharing, but also threatens

them by overshadowing local traditions.

3. Role of Technology in Globalization

If globalization is a train, then technology is the engine that drives it. Without technology,

globalization would just be a dream.

• Internet and communication: Thanks to smartphones, video calls, and social media,

people can communicate instantly across the globe. A student in India can attend an

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online class hosted by a professor in the USA. Families stay connected across

continents with just one click.

• Transport: Airplanes, cargo ships, and modern railways make it easy to travel and

transport goods across borders. That’s why fruits from Australia, clothes from China,

or gadgets from Japan are available in your local market.

• Media and entertainment: Platforms like YouTube, Netflix, and Instagram allow

cultural products to spread worldwide. A dance step that starts in Africa can become

a global trend in just a week.

• Business and trade: Technology allows global companies like Amazon, Flipkart, and

Uber to function. Small businesses also benefit by selling their products online to

international buyers.

• Awareness and social issues: Through global campaigns on social media, people

unite for causes like climate change, gender equality, or disaster relief. Technology

has given people a global voice.

So, technology is not just a helper—it is the heart of globalization. It makes the world feel

like one big neighbourhood.

4. A Balanced View – The Pros and Cons

It is important to see both sides of the story.

• Positive side: Globalization gives us variety, opportunities, and connections. It brings

cultures together and helps people grow with new ideas.

• Negative side: At the same time, it can reduce the uniqueness of local traditions,

create cultural uniformity, and increase dependence on other nations. Sometimes,

smaller cultures are overshadowed by dominant global cultures.

Conclusion

In short, globalization is like a river—it flows, connects, and nurtures, but it can also wash

away if not handled carefully. It has entered every corner of our lives, from the clothes we

wear to the dreams we dream. Technology acts as the bridge that keeps this global river

flowing smoothly.

For students like us, globalization is both a teacher and a challenge. It teaches us to be

open-minded, tolerant, and ambitious. But it also reminds us not to forget our roots, our

language, and our traditions. After all, a tree can only grow tall if its roots remain strong.

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(b) Give one word for the following definitions:

(1) To slow something down __________

(2) The process of forcing someone to leave a place _____________

(3) Not having any connection with religion ____________

(4) Extremely limiting or difficult ___________

(5) Official orders ___________

Ans: To slow something down → Delay / Hinder

The process of forcing someone to leave a place → Expulsion

Not having any connection with religion → Secular

Extremely limiting or difficult → Restrictive

Official orders → Decrees

first sentence of each item:

decrease, discovery, fact, opinion, possibility, prediction, requirement, response.

(1) Some experts believe there will be 9 billion people in the world by 2050. This ______

(2) Some people think that the Western culture has had too much influence around the

world. This ___________

(3) About 1.5 million people of Japanese descent now live in Brazil. This ________

(4) In the nineteenth century, established immigrant groups often had a hostile reaction to

the new immigrant groups. This ________

(5) In 1968, a resident of Brooklyn, New York, found the remains of a nineteenth century

African American settlement. This _________

Ans: Some experts believe there will be 9 billion people in the world by 2050. This

prediction

Some people think that the Western culture has had too much influence around the world.

This opinion

About 1.5 million people of Japanese descent now live in Brazil. This fact

In the nineteenth century, established immigrant groups often had a hostile reaction to the

new immigrant groups. This response

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In 1968, a resident of Brooklyn, New York, found the remains of a nineteenth century

African American settlement. This discovery

“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or

have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”